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Knee Osteoarthritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Modern Treatment Options

  Introduction Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most common joint disorders worldwide and a leading cause of pain and disability among adults. This condition occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones within the knee joint gradually wears away over time. As the cartilage deteriorates, the bones begin to rub against each other, causing pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced mobility. Millions of people suffer from knee osteoarthritis, and its prevalence continues to rise due to aging populations, increasing obesity rates, and sedentary lifestyles. Although osteoarthritis is commonly associated with older adults, younger individuals may also develop the condition as a result of injuries, genetic factors, or excessive stress on the joint. This comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about knee osteoarthritis, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, prevention strategies, and the latest medical advancements. What is ...
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The evaluation of topical administration of Bellis perennis fraction on circular excision wound healing in Wistar albino rats

The evaluation of topical administration of  Bellis perennis  fraction on circular excision wound healing in Wistar albino rats Materials and methods:  Dried  B. perennis  flowers were extracted with ethanol, then fractioned with  n -butanol and an oinment was prepared. Twelve male adult Wistar rats were used. Six wounds were created for each animal by using circular excision wound model. The first two wounds were treated topically with HOTBp (hydrophilic ointment treatment containing  n -butanol fraction). The second two wounds were control group and not treated with anything. The third two wounds were treated only with HOT (hydrophilic ointment treatment without  n -butanol fraction). Treatments were applied once a day and lasted for 30 days. Wound samples were excised on days 5 th , 10 th  and 30 th . The percentage of wound healing was calculated by Walker’s formula after measurement of the wound area and the tissue samples were examined ...
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The effect of physical therapy on beta-endorphin levels

  The effect of physical therapy on beta-endorphin levels details Abstract Beta-endorphin (βE) is an important reliever of pain. Various stressors and certain modalities of physiotherapy are potent inducers of the release of endogenous βE to the blood stream. Most forms of exercise also increase blood βE level, especially when exercise intensity involves reaching the anaerobic threshold and is associated with the elevation of serum lactate level. Age, gender, and mental activity during exercise also may influence βE levels. Publications on the potential stimulating effect of manual therapy and massage on βE release are controversial. Sauna, mud bath, and thermal water increase βE levels through conveying heat to the tissues. The majority of the techniques for electrical stimulation have a similar effect, which is exerted both centrally and—to a lesser extent—peripherally. However, the parameters of electrotherapy have not yet been standardised. The efficacy of analgesia and the imp...
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